- For historical and other uses of India, see India (disambiguation).
India, officially the
Republic of India, is a country in
South Asia. It is the
seventh-largest country by geographical area, the
second most populous country, and the most populous
democracy in the world. India has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres,
and borders
Pakistan[The Government of India considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.] to the west,
Nepal, the
People's Republic of China and
Bhutan to the north-east, and
Bangladesh and
Myanmar to the east. In the
Indian Ocean, it is adjacent to the
island nations of
Sri Lanka,
Maldives and
Indonesia.
Home to the Indus Valley Civilization, a centre of important trade routes and vast empires, India has long played a major role in human history. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism all have their origins in India, while Islam and Christianity enjoy a strong cultural heritage. Colonised as part of the British Empire in the nineteenth century, India gained independence in 1947 as a unified nation after an intense struggle for independence. The country's population, wildlife, geographical terrain and climate system are among the most diverse in the world.
Etymology
The name India // is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.
The Constitution of India and common usage also recognise Bharat (), as an official name of equal status. A third name, Hindustan () (Persian: Land of the Hindus < Old Persian Hindu, India / land of the Indus < Sanskrit Sindhu, any river/the Indus) has been used since the twelfth century, though its contemporary use is unevenly applied.
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